The Pancasila idea was first described by Sukarno in a speech in June 1945. It is summed up in five principles:
• Kebangsaan (nationalism)
• Kemanusiaan (humanism or internationalism)
• Kerakyatan (representative government or democracy)
• Keadilan Sosial (social justice)
• Ketuhanan (monotheism)
...all based in gotong royong which is "community cooperation" or "working together".
In more recent years, Pancasila has been made part of the standard curriculum, and all organizations in Indonesia have been required to adopt Pancasila as their guiding ideology. This led to some quiet controversy in the 1980s, as some Muslims felt uncomfortable that they were possibly being asked to place Pancasila above their religion. Others felt that Pancasila was being redefined to mean loyalty to the person of then President Suharto.
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